Jaleh GHASHGHAIE

L’étude du métabolisme respiratoire des plantes en utilisant les isotopes stables du carbone est l’objet principal de mes recherches. Le but est de vérifier la discrimination isotopique lors de la respiration des plantes pour comprendre l’origine métabolique du C dégagé par la respiration de plantes soumises à différentes conditions environnementales (température, sécheresse, nutrition azotée, etc.). Pour cela, l’abondance naturelle en 13C/12C est déterminée dans le CO2 respiré par les feuilles et par les racines de différentes espèces (C3 et C4) ainsi que dans les substrats putatifs de la respiration (les sucres solubles et les acides organiques). Ces mesures sont également effectuées après un marquage isotopique au 13C soit du CO2 de l’air pour marquer les photoassimilats et suivre le C marqué dans le CO2 respiré et dans les métabolites, soit après avoir fourni aux feuilles ou racine, des métabolites marqués au 13C sur une position d’atome de C (par exemple, C-1, C-2 ou C-3… du glucose ou du pyruvate, etc.). Ces études ont déjà permis de démontrer qu’au contraire de ce qui était supposé jusqu’à récemment, le CO2 respiré par les feuilles est enrichi en 13C alors que celui respiré par les racines est appauvri en 13C par rapport aux métabolites dans les organes correspondants. Ceci est valable chez les plantes C3 et C4 herbacées et nous avons pu démontrer l’origine métabolique de cette discrimination isotopique entre feuille et racines.

Actuellement,  je cherche à comprendre l’impact de la source d’azote inorganique (NO3- versus NH4+) sur le métabolisme des sucres et d’acides organique et le métabolisme respiratoire, et par conséquent sur la composition en 13C/12C du CO2 respiré et des substrats respiratoire. Etant donné que NO3- est surtout assimilé dans les feuilles, alors que le NH4+ est plutôt assimilé dans les racines, et que leurs assimilation affecterait l’activité anaplérotique de l’enzyme PEPc (qui enrichit en 13C le C fixé), on s’attend à ce que les métabolites foliaires et racinaires et donc le CO2 respiré par ces organes soient différemment impactés sous nutrition azotée avec le rapport NO3-:NH4+ varié dans l’azoté fourni aux plantes (Thèse en cours).

Mes cours sont disponibles en-ligne sur DOKEOS

Isotopes stables: Utilisation des isotopes stables en écophysiologie (notions de base sur les isotopes stables et effets isotopiques, discrimination isotopique lors de la photosynthèse des plantes C3, C4 et CAM, et lors de la respiration, marquage isotopique, utilisation à l’échelle de l’écosystème) (cours L3, M2).

Résistance à la sécheresse: Mécanismes de résistance/adaptation des plantes à la sécheresse (adaptations morphologique, structurales et physiologique) (cours M1).

Sol: Propriétés physico-chimiques et biologiques du sol, dégradation de la matière organique dans le sol, la minéralisions et l’humification, différents types d’humus et différents types du sol (cours L3).

Relations hydriques: Potentiel hydrique foliaire et ses composantes (mesure avec la chambre à pression), calcul de l’ajustement osmotique (TP/TD L3).

Eau du sol: Mesures des propriétés du sol liées à la rétention de l’eau (porosité totale, densité apparente, capacité au champ, point de flétrissement permanent, réserve utile) et traçage des profils hydriques en fonction de la profondeur du sol (TP/TD L3).

Echanges gazeux foliaires: Méthodes de mesures et calculs de différents paramètres (photosynthèse, transpiration, conductance stomatique, concentration interne en CO2, efficacité d’utilisation de l’eau), limites des méthodes (problèmes liés à l’hétérogénéité de la fermeture stomatique, résistance du mésophylle, concentration en CO2 dans les chloroplastes, résistance de la cuticule à la diffusion de vapeur d’eau) (TD L3).

2009 – Présent Professeur des Universités à la Faculté des Sciences d’Orsay, Université Paris-Sud, France.
2004 Habilitation à Diriger les Recherches (HDR)
1991 – 2009 Maître de conférences à la Faculté des Sciences d’Orsay, Université Paris-Sud.
1989 – 1991 Attachée Temporaire d’Enseignement et de Recherche (ATER) à la Faculté des Sciences d’Orsay, Université Paris-Sud.
1987 – 1988 Chercheur sur contrat, Moët-Hennessy Recherche, Paris.
1986 – 1987 Assistante associée à la Faculté des Sciences d’Orsay, Université Paris-Sud.
1986 Doctorat en Science de la Vie, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
1982 D.E.A. d’Ecologie Végétale, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay.
1981 Certificat d’Ecologie Végétale, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay.
1980 Certificat d’Etude de la Langue Française, Centre Audiovisuel d’Etudes Linguistiques de Royan (CAREL), Royan, France.
1979 Licence de Biologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences de l’Université de Tabriz, Iran.

2020

Mirande-Ney C, Tcherkez G, Balliau T, Zivy M, Gilard F, Cui J, Ghashghaie J, Lamade E. (2020). Leaf metabolic effects of potassium fertilisation before visible changes in yield in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Environmental & Experimental Botany, DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2020.104062

2019

Mirande-Ney C, Tcherkez G, Gilard F, Ghashghaie J, Lamade E. (2019). Potassium fertilization affects oil palm fruit metabolism but has little effect on mesocarp lipid accumulation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04336

Fila G, Zeinalipour N, Badeck FW, Delshad M, Ghashghaie J. (2019). Application of water-saving treatments reveals different adaptation strategies in three Iranian melon genotypes. Scientia Horticulturae. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.05.045

Sarabi B, Fresneau C, Streb P, Citerne S, Badeck FW, Bolandnazar S, Ghaderi N, Tangama M, David A, Ghashghaie J.  (2019). Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations are responsible in down regulation of photosynthesis in melon plants grown under saline conditions: Application of carbon isotope discrimination as a proxy. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry DOI:10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.010

2018

Khosravi E, Mousavi A, Farhadpour M, Ghashghaie J, Ghanati F, Haghbeen K. (2018)-Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-free extract from the cell culture of Lithospermum officinale with high antioxidant capacity. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-018-2830-3

Bagues M, Sarabi B, Ghashghaie J, Souli I, Nagaz K. (2018)-Multivariate analysis of two barley landraces under deficit irrigation with saline water in southern Tunisia. Plant Biotechnology, 35:193-206.

Mihoub I, Badeck F-W, Aïd F, Lamothe-Sibold M, Ghashghaie J. (2018)-Relationships between taproot characteristics, carbon isotope composition and grain yield in four safflower accessions. Arid Land Research and Management, doi:10.1080/15324982.2018.1463574

2017

Bathellier C., Badeck F-W., Ghashghaie J. (2017)-Carbon Stable Isotope Fractionation in Plant Respiration. In “Plant respiration: metabolic fluxes and carbon balance” (eds. G. Tcherkez, J. Ghashghaie), Vol. 43, Chapter 3. In Book Series Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration (Series eds. Govindjee, T.D. Sharkey), Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands,

Sarabi B, Bolandnazar S, Ghaderi N, Ghashghaie J. (2017)-Genotypic differences in physiological and biochemical responses to salinity stress among melon (Cucumis melo L.) landraces.Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,119:294-311

Tcherkez G., Ghashghaie J. (Eds.) (2017)-Plant respiration: metabolic fluxes and carbon balance (2017). Book Series “Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration” Vol. 43.Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands,

Zeinalipour N, Haghbeen K, Tavassolian I, Ghashghaie J. (2017)-Production of 3-methylthiopropionic ethyl ester in native Iranian Cucumis melo L. Group Dudaim under regulated deficit irrigation.Journal of Functional Foods,30:56-62

2016

Ghashghaie J, Badeck FW, Girardin C, Huignard C, Aydinlis Z, Fonteny C, Priault P, Fresneau C, Lamothe-Sibold M, Streb P, Terwilliger VJ (2016)-Changes and their possible causes in d13C of dark-respired CO2 and bulk tissue of different organs of maize plants during early ontogeny.Journal of Experimental Botany,67(9):2603-2615

Imane Mihoub, Jaleh Ghashghaie, Franz W. Badeck, Thierry Robert, Marlène Lamothe-Sibold, and Fatiha Aid (2016)-Intraspecific variability of carbon isotope discrimination and its correlation with grain yield in safflower: prospects for selection in a Mediterranean climate.Isotopes inironmental and Health Studies,DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2016.1142

Mihoub I, Robert T, Ghashghaie J, Vilatersana R, Lamy F, Benmrid R, Lamothe-Sibold M, Aïd F.  (2016)-Phylogenetic position of two endemic Carthamus species in Algeria and their potential as sources of genes for water use efficiency improvement of safflower.Journal of Systematics and Evolution.,doi: 10.1111/jse.12220

2015

Barzegar T., Delshad M., Kashi A.K., Mauve C, Ghashghaie J. (2015)-Sugar accumulation pattern and contents in developing fruits of two Iranian melon cultivars.Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology,5(3):1353-1359

Ghashghaie J., Badeck FW., Girardin C., Sketriené D., Lamothe M., & Werner R.A.  (2015)-Changes in d13C of dark-respired CO2 and organic matter of different organs of peanut plants during early ontogeny.Isotopes in Environment and Health Studies,51:93-108

Lamade E., Tcherkez G., Darlan N., Lobato Rodrigues R., Fresneau C., Mauve C., Lamothe M., Sketriené D., & Ghashghaie J.  (2015)-Natural 13C distribution in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and consequences for allocation pattern.Plant, Cell & Environment,DOI: 10.1111/pce.12606.

2014

Ghashghaie J. & Badeck FW (2014)-Opposite carbon isotope fractionation during dark respiration in roots vs leaves – A review.New Phytologist – Tansley review ,doi: 10.1111/nph.12563

2013

Barzegar T., Badeck F.-W., Delshad M., Kashi A.-K. , Berveiller D. & Ghashghaie J. (2013)-13C-labelling of leaf photoassimilates to study the source-sink relationship in two Iranian melon cultivars.Scientia Horticulturae,151:157-164

Ghashghaie J. & Tcherkez G. (2013)-Isotope ratio mass spectrometry technique to follow plant metabolism: principles and applications of 12C/13C isotopes.Advances in Botanical Research,67:378-405

2012

Ghashghaie J. (2012)-Réponses physiologiques des plantes aux facteurs environnementaux : (i) Activité photosynthétique (ii) Métabolisme respiratoire.Editions Universitaires Européennes,124 p. ISBN : 978-3-8417-9749-0

Rizza F., Ghashghaie J., Meyer S., Matteu L., Mastrangelo AM. &  Badeck FW. (2012)-Constitutive differences in water use efficiency and adaptive strategies in two durum wheat cultivars used as parents in a mapping population.Field Crop Research,125:49-60

Werner C., Schnyder H., Cuntz M., Keitel C., Zeeman M. Dawson T., Badeck FW., Brugnoli B., Ghashghaie J., Grams T., Kayler Z., Lakatos M., Dawson T., Máguas C., Ogée J., Rascher K., Siegwolf R., Unger S., Welker J., Wingate L. & Gessler A. (2012)-Progress and challenges using stable isotopes to trace plant carbon and water relations across scales.Biogeosciences.,9:3083-3111

2011

Brüggemann N., Gessler A., Kayler Z., Keel S., Badeck FW., Barthel M., Boeckx P., Buchmann N., Brugnoli E., Esperschütz J., Gavrichkova O., Ghashghaie J., Gomez-Casanovas N., Keitel C., Knohl A., Kuptz D., Palacio S., Salmon Y., Uchida Y. & Bahn M. (2011)-Carbon allocation and carbon isotope fluxes in the plant-soil-atmosphere continuum: a review.Biogeosciences,8:3457-3489

2010

Tcherkez G., Schäufele R., Nogués S., Piel C., Boom A., Lanigan G., Barbaroux C., Mata C., Elhani S., Hemming D., Maguas C., Yakir D., Badeck FW., Griffiths H., Schnyder H. & Ghashghaie J. (2010)-On the 13C/12C isotopic signal of day and night respiration at the mesocosm level.Plant, Cell & Environment ,33:900-913

2009

Badeck F.W., Fontaine J.L., Dumas F. & Ghashghaie J.  (2009)-Consistent patterns in leaf lamina and leaf vein C isotope composition across 10 herbs and tree species.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,23:2455-2460

Bathellier C., Tcherkez G., Bligny R., Gout E., Cornic G. & Ghashghaie J. (2009)-Metabolic origin of the delta13C of respired CO2 in roots of Phaseolus vulgaris. New Phytologist,181(2):387-399

Bathellier C., Tcherkez G., Mauve C., Bligny R., Gout E. & Ghashghaie J. (2009)-On the resilience of nitrogen assimilation by intact roots under starvation, as revealed by isotopic and metabolomic techniques.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,23:2847-2856

Devaux M., Ghashghaie J., Bert D., Lambrot C., Gessler A., Bathellier C., Ogée J. & Lousteau D. (2009)-Carbon stable isotope ratio of phloem sugars in mature pine trees throughout the growing season: comparison of two extraction methods. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,23:2511-2519

Gessler A., Tcherkez G., Karyanto O., Keitel C., Ferrio JP., Ghashghaie J., Kreuzwieser J. & Farquhar GD.  (2009)-On the metabolic origin of the carbon isotope composition of CO2 evolved from darkened light-acclimated leaves in Ricinus communis. New Phytologist,181(2):374-386

Girardin C., Rasse D., Biron P., Ghashghaie J. & Chenu C. (2009)-A method for 13C-labeling of metabolic carbohydrates within French bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for decomposition studies in soilsRapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,23 (12):1792-1800

Lamade E., Setyio I. E., Girard S. & Ghashghaie J. (2009)-Changes in 13C/12C of oil palm leaves to understand the use of carbon during their passage from heterotrophy to autotrophy.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,23:2586-2596

Maseyk K., Seibt U., Ghashghaie J., Bathellier C., Almeida P., Lobo de Vale R., Yakir D., Pereira J.S., Mencuccini M. & Wingate L. (2009)-Biotic and abiotic factors affecting the d13C of soil respired CO2 in a Mediterranean oak woodland.Isotopes in Environmental & Hearth Studies,45 (4):343-359

Maunoury-Danger F., Bathellier C., Laurette J., Fresneau C., Ghashghaie J., Damesin C. & Tcherkez G. (2009)-Is there any 12C/13C fractionation during starch remobilisation and sucrose export in potato tubers?Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,23:2527-2533

Mauve C., Bleton J., Bathellier C., Lelarge-Trouverie C., Guérard F., Ghashghaie J., Tchapla A. & Tcherkez G.  (2009)-Kinetic 12C/13C isotope fractionation by invertase: evidence for an in vitro isotope effect and comparison of 2 techniques for the isotopic analysis of carbohydrates. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry ,23:2499-2506

Mortazavi B., Conte M., Chanton J. Smith M.C., Weber J.C., Crumsey J. & Ghashghaie J. (2009)-Does the 13C of foliage respired CO2 and biochemical pools reflect the 13C of recently assimilated carbon? Plant, Cell & Environment,32:1310-1323

Richter A., Waneck W., Werner R., Ghashghaie J., Jäggi M., Gessler A., Brugnoli E., Hettmann E., Göttlicher S.G., Salmon Y., Bathellier C., Kodama N., Nogués S., Soe A., Volder F., Sörgel K., Andreas Blöchl A., Siegwolf R., Buchmann N. & Gleixner G. (2009)-Preparation of starch and soluble sugars from plant material for analysis of carbon isotope composition: a comparison of methods.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,23:2476-2488

2008

Bathellier C., Badeck F.W., Couzi P., Harscoët S., Mauve C. & Ghashghaie J.  (2008)-Divergence in ?¹³C of dark respired CO₂ and bulk organic matter occurs during the transition between heterotrophy and autotrophy in Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants. New Phytologist,177(2):406-418

Gessler A., Tcherkez G., Peuke A.D., Ghashghaie J. & Farquhar G.D. (2008)-Experimental evidence for diel variations of the carbon isotope composition in leaf, stem and phloem sap organic matter in Ricinus communis. Plant, Cell and Environment,31:941-953

2007

Fresneau C., Ghashghaie J. & Cornic G. (2007)-Drought effect on nitrate reductase and sucrose-phosphate synthase in wheat (Triticum durum L.): role of leaf internal CO₂.Journal of Experimental Botany,58(11):2983-2992

Rizza, F. Matteu L., Ghashghaie J., Mastrangelo A., Stanca A. & Badeck FW.  (2007)-Water use and water use efficiency in two durum wheat cultivars contrasting for yield capacity.Photosynthesis Research,91 (2-3):319-320

Tcherkez G., Ghashghaie J. & Griffiths H. (2007)-Methods for improving the visualization and deconvolution of isotopic signals.Plant, Cell and Environment,30:887-891

Werner C., Unger S., Pereira J.S., Ghashghaie J. & Máguas C. (2007)-Temporal dynamics in ?¹³C of ecosystem respiration in response to environmental changes. In ‘Isotopes as Tracers of Ecological Change’, (Eds. T. Dawson & R. Siegwolf),ISBN: 978-012-373627-7. Elsevier Academic Press.,193-210

2006

Fila G., Badeck F., Meyer S., Cerovic Z. & Ghashghaie J. (2006)-Relationships between leaf conductance to CO₂ diffusion and photosynthesis in micropropagated grapevine plants, before and after ex vitro acclimatization. Journal of Experimental Botany,57(11):2687-2695

Griffiths H., Kromdijk W, Ghashghaie J., Tcherkez G. (2006)-Multidimensional isotopes: Integrating outputs from biological systems.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology: A – Molecular & Integrative Physiology.,143(4):137

Nogués S., Damesin C., Tcherkez G., Maunoury F., Cornic G. & Ghashghaie J. (2006)–¹³C/¹²C isotope labelling to study leaf carbon respiration and allocation in twigs of field grown beech trees.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,20:219-226

Nogués S., Tcherkez G., Streb P., Pardo A., Baptist F., Bligny R., Ghashghaie J. & Cornic G. (2006)-Respiratory carbon metabolism in the high mountain plant species Ranunculus glacialis. Journal of Experimental Botany ,57(14):3837-3845

Priault P., Tcherkez G., Cornic G., De Paepe R., Naïk R., Ghashghaie J. & Streb P.  (2006)-The lack of a functional mitochondrial complex I in a CMSII mutant of Nicotiana sylvestris increases photorespiration through an increased internal resistance to CO₂ diffusion.Journal of Experimental Botany,57(12):3195-3207

2005

Badeck F., Tcherkez G., Nogués S., Piel C. & Ghashghaie J. (2005)-Post-photosynthetic fractionation of stable carbon isotopes between plant organs – a widespread phenomenon. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,19:1381-1391

Tcherkez G., Cornic G., Bligny R., Gout E. & Ghashghaie J. (2005)-In vivo respiratory metabolism of illuminated leaves. Plant Physiology,138:1596-1606

2004

Nogués S., Tcherkez G., Cornic G., Ghashghaie J. (2004)-Respiratory carbon metabolism following illumination in intact French bean leaves using 13C/12C isotope labelling.Plant Physiology,136:3245-3254

Tcherkez G., Farquhar G., Badeck F. , Ghashghaie J. (2004)-Theoretical considerations about carbon isotope distribution in glucose of C3 plants. Functional Plant Biology,31:857-877

2003

Ghashghaie J., Badeck F.W., Lanigan G., Nogués S., Tcherkez G., Deléens E., Cornic G. & Griffiths H. (2003)-Carbon isotope fractionation during dark respiration and photorespiration in C3 plants. Phytochemistry Reviews,2:145-161

Tcherkez G., Nogués S., Bleton J., Cornic G., Badeck F.W. & Ghashghaie J. (2003)-Metabolic origin of carbon isotope composition of leaf dark-respired CO2 in Phaseolus vulgaris L.Plant Physiology,131:237-244

2001

Duranceau M., Ghashghaie J. & Brugnoli E., (2001)-Carbon isotope discrimination during photosynthesis and dark respiration in intact leaves of Nicotiana sylvestris : Comparisons between wild type and mitochondrial mutant plantsAust. J. Plant Physiol.,28(1):65-71

Ghashghaie J., Duranceau M., Badeck M., Cornic G., Adeline M.T. & Deléens E.,  (2001)-?13C of CO2 respired in the dark in relation to ?13C of leaf metabolites : Comparison between Nicotiana sylvestris and Heliantus annuus under drought.Plant, Cell & Enviromnent,24:505-515

Ghashghaie J., Tcherkez G., Cornic G. & Deleens E., (2001)-Utilisation de la spectrométrie de masse isotopique en physiologie végétale.In : « Génomique fonctionnelle chez les végétaux : du gène à la fonction », Barbier-Brygoo H., Joyard J., Morot-Gaudry J.F. & Gaymard F. Eds, Presse INRA-CNRS.,97-105

1999

Cornic G., Badeck F., Ghashghaie J. & Manuel N. (1999)-Effect of temperature on net CO2 uptake, stomatal conductance of CO2 and quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry of deshydrated Pea leaves. In: « Crop development for the cool and wet regions of Europe ». M. Sanchez-Diaz et al.Eds., European Commission Press, Luxembourg.,287-297

Duranceau M., Ghashghaie J., Badeck F., Deleens E. & Cornic G. (1999)-Delta 13C of CO2 respired in the dark in relation to delta 13C of leaf carbohydrates in Phaseolus vulgaris L. under progressive drought. Plant Cell & Environment,22:515-523

1998

Fila G., Ghashghaie J., Hoarau J. & Cornic G. (1998)-Photosynthesis, leaf condutance and water relations of in vitro cultured grapevine rootstock in relation to acclimatisation. Physiol. Plant.,102:411-418

1995

Ghashghaie J. & Cornic. G. (1995)-In vivo estimation of CO2/O2 specificity factor of Rubisco at varying temperature. In “Photosynthesis: From Light to Biosphere.”, Vol. II (P. Mathis ed.)Kluwer Academic Publishers,927-930

1994

Ghashghaie J. & Cornic G. (1994)-Effect of temperature on partitioning of photosynthetic electron flow between CO2 assimilation and O2 reduction and on the CO2O2 specificity of RubisCo estimated from gas exchange and chlorophyll measurements on intact leaves of 2 C3 plants. J. Plant. Physiol.,143:643-650

1992

Cornic G., Ghashghaie J., Genty B. & Briantais J.M. (1992)-Leaf photosynthesis is resistant to a mild drought stress.Photosynthetica,27 (3):295-309

Ghashghaie J., Brenckmann F. & Saugier B.  (1992)-Water relations and growth of rose plants cultured in vitro under various relative humidities. Plant Cell Tissue & Organ Culture,30:51-57

1991

Cornic G. & Ghashghaie J. (1991)-Effects of temperature on net CO2 assimilation and PSII quantum yield of electron transfert of French bean leaves (P. Vulgaris L.) during a drought stress.Planta,185:255-260

Ghashghaie J., Brenckmann F. & Saugier B. (1991)-Effects of agar concentration en water status and growth of in vitro Rose plants.Physiologia Plantarum,82:73-78

Mordacq L., Ghashghaie J. & Saugier B. (1991)-A simple field method for measuring gas exchange of small trees.Functional Ecology,5:572-576

1989

Ghashghaie J. & Saugier B. (1989)-Effects of nitrogen deficiency on leaf photosynthetic response of tall fescue to water deficit.Plant Cell & Environment,12:261-271

1988

Ghashghaie J. & Saugier B. (1988)-Photosynthetic response to water stress of tall fescue plants grown at two nitrogen levels. In: “Time Scale and Water Stress”. Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Mediterranean Ecosystems. Di Castri F., Floret Ch., Rambal S., Roy J. (Eds.)I.U.B.S., Paris.,81-85